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Former Soviet republics between Russia, China, and the Middle East, whose energy, minerals, and transit corridors have made them an arena of renewed great-power competition.
Quellen:1Consensus-based bloc of the Southeast Asian states — ten members for decades, with Timor-Leste admitted as the eleventh in 2025 — founded in 1967. It drives regional economic integration and convenes the wider forums (East Asia Summit, ASEAN Regional Forum) that bring the US, China, and the other major powers to one table.
Quellen:12Eight-member South Asian grouping (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka) founded in 1985 to promote economic and cultural cooperation. Its most recent leaders' summit was held in Kathmandu in 2014.
Quellen:1Eurasian security and economic bloc led by China and Russia, founded in 2001, whose members also include India, Pakistan, Iran, Belarus, and four Central Asian states. It runs joint military exercises and counterterrorism cooperation and serves as a summit venue for non-Western powers.
Quellen:1Forum of 21 Pacific Rim economies — including the US, China, Japan, and the major Southeast Asian states — founded in 1989 to promote trade and investment liberalization. Its commitments are non-binding, but its annual leaders' meeting is a fixture of regional diplomacy.
Quellen:1Diplomatic partnership of Australia, India, Japan, and the United States, resumed in 2017 and elevated to leaders' summits in 2021. It works on maritime and economic security, critical technology, infrastructure, and disaster response in the Indo-Pacific.
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