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Arabic- and Amazigh-speaking states along the Mediterranean and Sahara — plus Sudan on the Nile — tied as closely to Europe and the Middle East as to the rest of the continent.
Fonti:1From the Nile headwaters and the Ethiopian highlands to the Swahili coast — the East African Community's integration project sits beside the Horn's contested politics and Red Sea approaches.
Fonti:1The Congo Basin — the world's second-largest rainforest — and the mineral belts around it, where enormous resource wealth coexists with some of the continent's longest-running conflicts.
Fonti:1The continent's most industrialized corner, organized around South Africa's economy and SADC's trade and infrastructure corridors, with mineral wealth from platinum to diamonds and copper.
Fonti:1Continental union of 55 member states, founded in 2002 as the successor to the Organisation of African Unity and headquartered in Addis Ababa. It coordinates peace and security, mediates crises, suspends members after unconstitutional changes of government, and since 2023 sits in the G20 as a permanent member.
Fonti:1AU-sponsored free-trade area signed by 54 of 55 member states (all but Eritrea); trading under the agreement formally began on 1 January 2021. The world's largest free-trade area by country count, it aims to phase out tariffs on about 90 percent of goods across a market of some 1.4 billion people.
Fonti:1West African bloc founded in 1975, headquartered in Abuja, providing free movement of people, a regional court, and crisis intervention forces. The military governments of Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger formally left the bloc in 2025, regrouping as the Alliance of Sahel States.
Fonti:1Eight partner states — Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, South Sudan, the DR Congo (joined 2022), and Somalia (joined 2024) — operating a customs union and common market, with political federation as a stated long-term goal.
Fonti:1Sixteen-member bloc headquartered in Gaborone, established in 1992, coordinating trade, infrastructure corridors, and regional security; it has deployed joint standby forces, including to Mozambique's Cabo Delgado province.
Fonti:1